C. elegans toxicity testing mirrors key reproductive cycle stages in mammals, offering a rapid, ethical, and cost-effective alternative. Key stages include:
- Gametogenesis – Disruptions in sperm and oocyte production reflect fertility impairments.
- Embryogenesis – Developmental arrest, lethality, or malformations mimic teratogenic effects.
- Fetal Development – Larval growth delays and tissue defects indicate developmental toxicity.
- Postnatal Development – Delays in maturation parallel postnatal developmental disruptions.
- Reproductive Maturity – Reduced brood size, delayed maturation, and endocrine disruption mirror mammalian reproductive toxicity.
By capturing these stages, C. elegans provides a mechanistically relevant model for reproductive toxicity screening, reducing reliance on mammalian testing.